فصلنامه مطالعات محیطی هفت حصار
پیاپی 41 (پاییز 1401)

There are several theories about the effect of space configuration (structure) on the psychological perception of the environment. However, there is no comprehensive and consensus model that can be used to analyze and predict spatial quality or human behavior in the environment based on spatial configuration. Theories of environmental preferences as well as navigation often emphasize the importance of the shape and amount of information available to humans from the environment. Isovist analysis can also partially translate the structure of access to information in the environment into a set of mathematical variables. However, attempts to turn the Isovist into such a tool have been limited.One of the main reasons for this may be the weakness of the Isovist in expressing the capacity of the environment to provide new and unpredictable information and the lack of attention to the active role of humans in the search for information. The present article tries to define the possibility of creating and presenting unpredictable information by defining a new set of variables based on open edges of Isovist and to assess the possibilities of the individual to search for information by the environment. Then, with the initial explanation of the relationship between the proposed variables and human perceptions, it will promote Isovist analyzes and take a step towards creating a more comprehensive model in the future.

In the present study, after introducing and compiling the variables and explaining the method of calculating them, two methods were used to discover the relationship between the variables and the emotional perceptual characteristics of the environment (significance of the variables). In the first method, these variables were studied freely in a case study (Museum of Contemporary Art). In the second and wider experiment, using a special virtual environment and design in this environment by the designers, the correlation of the defined variables with the spatial quality was examined.

The results show the relationship between different situations of the environment in terms of inviting the user to move, stillness on the one hand and the proposed variables on the other. Some of the proposed variables in different situations with different motor invitations show different values.
On the other hand, the results show a strong correlation of some of the proposed variables with increasing the spatial quality. In the process of increasing the spatial quality, some of the proposed variables are significantly increased or decreased. Also, the presence of high values in some variables indicates the presence of desirable or undesirable points in the environment.

The results of both tests show the high importance and significance of the introduced variables. Therefore, the use of these variables along with other known variables for the analysis of spaces seems to be absolutely necessary and useful. According to the needs and for the use of other researchers, software was developed that allows the calculation of these variables and other variables in different environments. This application is available at https://isovistdesign.com/.

The effects of light and color occur over time, meaning that space users stay in space for long periods of time and are exposed to various energies radiated by light. Many studies have been done on the effect of natural light on the human body and soul, which repeat the undeniable role of natural light on behavior, attitude and performance of individuals. However, despite the fact that natural light as a renewable energy source is inexpensive and environmentally friendly, most of the solutions used in ancient architecture have been forgotten due to the use of natural light. The main question of the research is what is the psychological effect of colored light on the spaces of Qajar houses in Tabriz?The research method used in this research is survey research method. Data collection from written sources and open interviews with experts in this field were compiled as a table of content content and were classified by content analysis method. To determine the importance of the components, a structured questionnaire was developed by researchers and analyzed by SPSS software. Based on a comprehensive approach and a qualitative research method, it analyzes 17 cases of Qajar houses in Tabriz and shows how their builders use light and architectural elements in different ways of organizing space rather than physical and mental needs. Residents, including social welfare, beauty, privacy, landscape, light and sound control, etc. are provided.

 Enclosed housing estates are limited-access residential areas that have recently expanded around the world. These complexes are designed to achieve the highest quality of private services and escape from urban disorder. Measuring the sense of the place could be a criterion for the successfulness of an urban or architectural complex. The sense of belonging will indicate the efficiency of the architectural and urban design. So far, these components in spaces regarding job or occupation have not been studied, and the research structure without intervening the variable was considered the purpose of the project construction. The purpose was to find the factors affecting the creation of the sense of the place in a closed urban complex. The case study was the National Iranian South Oil Company town.

 The research was a quantitative and correlational survey. The information was collected by distributing the questionnaires among the residents over 18 years old randomly. The questionnaire was based on the Likert Scale, and the sample size was determined 362 based on Cochran’s formula. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software and utilizing Spearman’s correlation coefficient to assess the research model and evaluate its validity, and Friedman’s test was used to prioritize the variables.

indicate that there is a significant correlation between physical architecture (public and private), activities and social interactions, and hyper architecture. The percentage weight of Friedman’s test of the main components were as follows: private physique with 31.12%, indicating the maximum effect on the sense of the place, public physique with 25.50%, hyper architecture with 24.30%, and social interactions and activity with 19.10%, respectively.

 Show that there is a significant correlation between physical architecture (public and private), activities and social interactions, and hyper architecture. The percentage weight of Friedman’s test of the main components were as follows: private physique with 31.12%, indicating the maximum effect on the sense of the place, public physique with 25.50%, hyper architecture with 24.30%, and social interactions and activity with 19.10%, respectively. The results of Friedman’s ranking test of the sub-components showed that cleanness and hygiene, religious association, and access to urban transportation have the highest average rank. These sub-components are the most significant and influential factors on the sense of the place in the oil company. Organization and quality of the interior spaces, social interactions and participation, and access to the town services ranked next. The sub-components, sense of security in the town, and residence duration of the residents have the minimum impact on the sense of the place.

The aim of this research was to introduce architectural factors, influencing students' perception of school climate, having a great effect on students' achievement academically, mentally and physically, one of the problems of high school students is their unwillingness for learning and passes their times at educational setting. School connectedness has an effect on students' mental health and decrease of absenteeism and anxiety, also can improve students' collaboration for class activities.

The method of research was both qualitative and quantitative via SPSS and AMOS soft wares. The SEM technique used to determine the possible correlation between physical environment and school climate, the minimum sample of 104 determined by G.power software. In this study, 180 accessible samples of volunteer girl students from three high- schools in Gorgan city were used.  Scales which used named "The six factor school building checklist" "with factors namely, context, massing, social space, interface, way finding and comfort and what's happening in this school? From the students' perspective" for assessing school climate. Test of normality, multiple regression and Pearson correlation used to determine normality and the effects of factors and their variables.

According to R=0.82, there was a strong correlation between physical environment and school climate from the Students' perception and via considering R Square (R2=0.68), 68percent of school climate determined by physical environment as independent variable. From the structure equation modeling, reported that physical environment had a direct total effect of 0.93 on school climate, which showing that the six factor checklist scale is appropriate to determine school climate, and the school connectedness with the regression weight of 0.86 reported as the most influential factor to determine school climate. Regarding to attained results, five factors respectively, social space (Beta weight=0.36), interface (Beta weight=0.22), massing (Beta weight=0.18), way finding (Beta weight=0.15) and comfort (Beta weight=0.10) significantly affected students' perception of school climate but the context factor had a slight effect on students' perception of school climate and it was not statically meaningful.

From the results, concluded that the first factor for improving school climate is school connectedness enhancement and the first factor for improving physical environment is considering social spaces in educational setting. Providing small group spaces related to classroom setting, students' access to teachers' office for better interaction out of class times and teachers' support, providing spatial experience for students from the main entrance to the classroom, variation in mass of building and clarity of function in designing building mass are some of the variables that can enhance students' perception of school climate and school connectedness. Building scale in relation to site scale had a slight effect on school climate from the students' perception and can be ignored. Comfort factor and its variables such as individual control of heat and controlling classroom noise level were not at the first priority but should be applied before planning and designing. School building mass design and its placing with suitable distance from the main streets is one of the noise level control method for educational setting

Significant energy is used to provide and maintain environmental conditions for thermal comfort in high-rise residential buildings, which largely depends on the components of the shell design. Therefore, to achieve high amounts of energy savings in buildings, high-impact design measures must first be defined and then optimized. This study seeks to answer the question of how the components of the building shell affect the energy consumption of high-rise residential buildings in hot and dry climates. Therefore, the present study aimed to achieve the optimal components of shell design in high-rise buildings in hot and dry climates to establish thermal comfort conditions and primary energy storage (electricity and natural gas). For this purpose, an existing high-rise residential building was selected as a case study in Isfahan to compare energy consumption before and after optimization using DesignBuilder computer simulation software. Analysis according to energy simulations has shown that each of the shell components is subject to many changes in reducing the energy consumption of the building. The three components selected to enhance the energy performance of the building shell include the window-to-wall ratio (WWR), the glass properties, and the shell material. The results show that the window to wall ratio of 20% to 11.04% is better than the base model (50%). Also, the appearance of a shell with clear triple glazing with a thickness of 4 mm and a layer of argon gas of 10 mm results in the highest total energy savings. In hot and dry climates, cement plaster has shown better performance than other materials. This study results in a highly efficient shell design with significant energy savings (approximately 12.5% ​​for total energy, 16% for heating and 29% for cooling). It also increases electrical lighting energy by 2.5%.

In the pattern of traditional courtyard houses, the courtyard forms the vital core of the house And based on material and spiritual needs and observance of hierarchy, traditional courtyards have been formed. It seems necessary to study the impact of geography and climate, society and culture, intellectual insights of the family system on the structure of buildings. Most of the textures of Iran's historic cities are traditional courtyard houses. These houses are in danger of being demolished, so it is vital to study the body of the yards. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and cultural impact of traditional courtyard houses on the main house space and entrance in the residential architecture of the cold and dry region of Hamadan. The importance of research is that the traditional courtyard houses of Hamedan have been part of the historical architectural identity of the country. Therefore, for conservation and modeling, their study is essential. Given the prevalence of cold climate in Iran, considering the design of buildings, which are significant consumers of fossil fuels, can reduce a large part of energy consumption. They are also considered for the preservation of culture and their realization in today's homes. In this research, the content analysis method and, with the help of data theory, open, axial, and selective coding method has been used. In sample analysis to produce meaning, descriptions are performed in open coding, comparison through axial coding, and pattern determination through selective coding, respectively. The strategy of this article in the analysis and judging stage is a quantitative and qualitative method. Climate Consultant climate software, Ashri 55 thermal comfort model, and Iranian climatic zoning studies have been used in the quantitative method. The main results show that in the study of climate change over 40 years, the number of months in which the comfort conditions have been established is less, and the months in which heating and cooling measures should be considered have reached their maximum duration. Two general categories of components in the field of culture, including Iranian architectural methods, cultural elements are considered effective in forming the architectural pattern of traditional courtyard houses In order to achieve climatic goals, it can be seen that Qajar and eclectic introverted species have a more favorable situation in terms of  receiving solar radiation, protection against adverse wind currents in the halls.

Today fast urban growth and personal vehicles in benefit of riders, causes serious drop of the quality of the urban environment and pedestrian spaces. Urban walking areas have vital role in citizen's public health. So different strategies used to their development. Observing traffic, environment, function problems in the renovated walkway of Eram of Hamadan, shows the problem of inadequate of traditional physical strategies for its sustainable development. Recently the abundant successful experiments, illustrate the efficiency of ICT to solve the complex problems of unsustainability of different cities in information age, by an innovative form and regardless of great obstacles of physical development strategies. In spite of relative preparation of ICT infrastructures in city of Hamadan, the process of its utilization is unknown in the Eram walkway. So there is a necessity for a new research with aim of smart completing of existence physical unsustainable divide with minimum changes, limitation and sources. The research method is descriptive-analytical from practical-developmental kind. Collecting information is done from field (questionnaire) and documents. In fit of a professional subject, statistics society includes 20 people of domestic experts in field of urbanization and ICT screened the related smart physical-spatial criteria by Delphi method towards consensus and explained their utilization hierarchy. Analyze network process (ANP) and Super Decision software is used To analyze data and to determine the priority of criteria. The total findings demonstrate the priority of function, traffic, sources and environment and urban form and spaces respectively with points of 0.574, 0.262, 0.121 and 0.041. Furthermore, the rank and importance of indicators of each of above criteria are determined and analyzed. Results illustrate the main physical-spatial problems and existence infrastructures of Eram walkway, the digital divide level of its users and potential and the previous successful applying of ICT in urban spaces related to these quadruple criteria, have had a crucial role in the stage priority of this process. Finally, in fit of paper results, the practical suggestions are presented, Which the most important of them can be knowed to create linker functions between cyber and real spaces, to use different stimulation policies, to provide smart public transportation and to put different smart and semi-smart utilization to control bilaterally of urban spaces. The similarities and the differences of the bed of case study with other urban spaces specially in industrial countries has worthy information about the reasons of this phase differences.

Nowadays, the issue of thermal comfort has been raised as one of the important factors in the quality of urban spaces along with physical factors. In fact, the quality of urban spaces is important for the use of citizens and should be considered. However, due to the impact of various parameters in urban open spaces that affect the thermal comfort of users and the lack of codified principles in this field has made it difficult for designers to identify and meet the climatic needs in an urban area. The present study, considering the discussion of thermal comfort in urban sidewalks, investigates climatic and environmental factors in the area in which the city of Khorramabad is located in the vicinity of the castle of the celestial sphere, and through the application of computer simulation technique ( Envi met software (examines the thermal comfort index (PPD predicted percentage of dissatisfaction) which is one of the important indicators in this field in different parts of the designed sidewalk and the results are concluded that factors such as choosing the direction of the sidewalk Walking time, sidewalk width, the presence of trees, shade and water as well as some user characteristics such as metabolic rate, activity rate, coverage rate have affected the amount of thermal comfort.

The survival of cities as living beings and their inhabitants depends on the supply of water. Numerous factors such as population growth, climate, drought, consumption pattern, amount of available water resources and utility network affect the equation of water supply and consumption. What has been less considered in the traditional planning process than ever before is the connection between land use planning and water issues, and the undeniable and significant impact of urban development on water issues. Comprehensive urban plans as the most important document of city development has a missing link called water and limited water resources; However, a large number of people in Iranian cities have been under drinking water stress in recent years. They become groundwater resources.